Encourse Wiki

Old Testament — Topic 36

Properties3
tagstopic
courseOld Testament
unitTopic 36

8 min read

Old Testament — Topic 36

Covenants in the Old Testament

Party One
| Party Two
| Description
| Reference

---|---|---|---
Yahweh
| Noah, his descendants, all living creatures
| Yahweh will never again destroy the earth with a flood. He will establish covenants with Noah’s descendants
| Gen 6:18; 9:9–17

|
|
|

Yahweh
| Abram
| Yahweh promises the land between the river of Egypt and the Euphrates to Abraham and his descendants
| Gen 15:18; see also Gen 12:1–8; 22:15–18; Exod 2:24, etc.

Yahweh
| Abram/Abraham
| Abram receives the name Abraham; he will be a father of many nations; Yahweh will maintain covenants with Abraham’s descendants; the institution of circumcision; the promise of a child by Sarah
| Gen 17:1–21; see also Gen 12:1–8; 22:15–18; Exod 2:24, etc.

Yahweh
| Abraham (Isaac)
| Technically not a covenant between Yahweh and Isaac; Yahweh informs Isaac of the continuing relevance of the Abrahamic covenant
| Gen 26:2–5, 24

Yahweh
| Abraham (Jacob)
| Yahweh affirms the Abrahamic covenant; Yahweh promises Jacob the land, many descendants, that he and his descendants will be a blessing, and continued protection
| Gen 28:12–22

Jacob
| Laban
| For well-treatment of Laban’s daughters
| Gen 31:44–53

Yahweh
| Moses and the people of Israel
| Yahweh and Israel will enjoy a unique relationship; Moses receives the Torah, including the Decalogue
| Exod 19:1–24:8; 34:10

Yahweh
| Aaron and his descendants
| Yahweh provides instructions for Aaron and his descendants, who are a hereditary line of priests
| Exod 28:1–30:37; compare Neh 13:29; Mal 2:8

Yahweh
| Phinehas
| Yahweh grants Phinehas a “covenant of peace,” promising a hereditary line of priests
| Num 25:10–13

|
|
|

Yahweh
| David
| Yahweh promises David an eternal royal line and that his son will build the temple
| 2 Sam 7:12–16; compare Psa 89:3, 28, 34, 39; 132:12; Isa 55:3; Jer 33:20–25

Israelite Calendar

Month
| Biblical Name
| Modern Equivalent
| References

---|---|---|---
1
| Nisan/Abib*
| Mar—Apr
| Exod 13:4; 23:15; 34:18; Deut 16:1; Neh 2:1; Esth 3:7

2
| Iyyar/Ziv*
| Apr—May
| 1 Kgs 6:1, 37

3
| Sivan
| May—Jun
| Esth 8:9

4
| Tammuz
| Jun—Jul
| none

5
| Ab
| Jul—Aug
| none

6
| Elul
| Aug—Sep
| Neh 6:15

7
| Tishri/Ethanim*
| Sep—Oct
| 1 Kgs 8:2

8
| Heshvan/Bul*
| Oct—Nov
| 1 Kgs 6:38

9
| Kislev
| Nov—Dec
| Neh 1:1; Zech 7:1

10
| Tebeth
| Dec—Jan
| Esth 2:16

11
| Shebat
| Jan—Feb
| Zech 1:7

12
| Adar
| Feb—Mar
| Ezra 6:15; Esth 3:7, 13; 8:12; 9:1, 15, 17, 19, 21

13
| Second Adar†
| Mar—Apr
| none

  • Those with two names include the Babylonian name first and Canaanite name second.

† Since the lunar calendar is 11 days shorter than the solar calendar, an extra month was added between Adar and Nisan seven times in each 19-year cycle.

Israelite Festivals

Feast
| Time of Celebration
| References

---|---|---
Passover
| Nisan 14
| Exod 12:1–14; 23:15; Lev 23:5; Num 28:16; Matt 26:17–20

Unleavened Bread*
| Nisan 15–21
| Exod 12:15–20; 34:18; Lev 23:6–8; Num 28:17–25

Firstfruits
| Nisan 16, Sivan 6
| Lev 23:9–14; Num 28:26

Pentecost (Harvest, Weeks)*
| Sivan 6
| Exod 23:16; 34:22; Lev 23:15–22; Num 28:26–31; Deut 16:9–12; Acts 2:1

Trumpets (Rosh Hashanah)
| Tishri 1
| Lev 23:23–25; Num 29:1–6

Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
| Tishri 10
| Lev 16:2–34; Lev 23:26–32; Num 29:7–11; Heb 9:7

Tabernacles (Ingathering, Booths, Sukkot)*
| Tishri 15–22
| Exod 23:16; 34:22; Lev 23:33–43; Num 29:12–39; Deut 16:13–17; Neh 8:13–18; John 7:2

Dedication (Lights, Hanukkah)†
| Chislev 25 (for 8 days)
| John 10:22

Purim†
| Adar 14–15
| Esth 9:18–32

  • The three festivals for which all adult Israelite males had to go to Jerusalem (Ex 23:17; 34:23)

† Festivals that are not prescribed in Leviticus

Jesus’ Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy

DescriptionNT ReferenceProphetic Passage(s) Cited/Fulfilled
The virgin birthMatt 1:22–23Isa 7:14 (LXX)
The Messiah originating from BethlehemMatt 2:5–6Combination of Mic 5:2 and
2 Sam 5:2
The holy family escapes to EgyptMatt 2:15Hos 11:1
The massacre of the infantsMatt 2:17–18Jer 31:15
The holy family settles in NazarethMatt 2:23possibly alluding to Isa 11:1,
John the Baptist as precursor to JesusMatt 3:3; Mark 1:2–3; Luke 3:4–6
Combines elements of Mal 3:1; Isa 40:3; and Exod 23:20
Jesus settles in Capernaum, in the territory of Zebulun and NaphtaliMatt
4:14–16Isa 9:1–2
Jesus claims to fulfill the Law and the ProphetsMatt 5:17
Jesus’ ministry of healing and exorcismMatt 8:17Isa 53:4
Jesus appeals to Isaianic prophecy as proof that he is the “one who is to come
into the world”Matt 11:4–6; compare John 6:14Likely based on Isa 29:18–19;
35:5–6; 61:1–2
John the Baptist prepares the way for JesusMatt 11:10; Luke 7:27Based on
Mal 3:1
The secrecy of Jesus’ ministryMatt 12:17–21Isa 42:1–4
Jesus offers the sign of JonahMatt 12:39–40; 16:4; Luke 11:29–30Jesus here
refers to the story of Jonah
The reason for Jesus’ parabolic teachingMatt 13:14–15; Mark 4:12; Luke 8:10
Isa 6:9–10
More prophetic support for Jesus’ parabolic teachingMatt 13:35Ps 78:2
Jesus sitting on a donkey’s coltMatt 21:4–5; John 12:15Zech 9:9; compare
Isa 62:11
“Blessed is he (or, the king) who comes in the name of the Lord”Mark 11:9;
Luke 19:38; John 12:13Psa 118:26
The suffering death of the Son of Man at the hands of Gentiles, and the
resurrectionLuke 18:31–33Isa 53. the prophets
The betrayal of the Son of ManMatt 26:24; Mark 14:21
The desertion by the disciplesMatt 26:31; Mark 14:27Based on Zech 13:7;
compare Isa 53:6
Jesus’ violent arrestMatt 26:56“the scriptures of the prophets”
The chief priests use Judas’ abandoned blood money to purchase a fieldMatt
27:9–10Matthew attributes the quote to Jeremiah (possibly thinking of both
Jer 18:1–3 and 32:6–15), though the text is a paraphrase of Zech 11:13
The mistreatment of the Son of ManMark 9:12Perhaps based partly on Ps 22:7
The rejection of JesusMark 12:10–11; Acts 4:11; Eph 2:20; 1 Pet 2:7Ps
118:22–23
Jesus presents himself as the fulfillment of Isaiah’s propheciesLuke
4:18–21Combines elements of Isa 61:1–2; 58:6
Jesus counted as one of the criminalsLuke 22:37Based on Isa 53:12
The resurrected Jesus interprets scripture with reference to HimselfLuke
24:26–27
“everything that is written about me … must be fulfilled”Luke 24:44“the
law of Moses and the prophet and psalms”
Jesus, the one about whom Moses and the prophets wroteJohn 1:45
The cleansing of the templeJohn 2:17Ps 69:9
Moses wrote about JesusJohn 5:39, 40, 46, 47
Jesus is the prophet like MosesJohn 6:14; Acts 3:22–23Deut 18:15–20
The Messiah is descended from David, and from BethlehemJohn 7:42Ps 89:4;
Mic 5:2
Authorities deny that scripture predicts a prophet from GalileeJohn 7:52
The rejection of JesusJohn 12:38–40Quotes from Isa 6:10; 53:1
Hatred of JesusJohn 15:25Likely based on Pss 35:19; 69:4; 109:3
Roman soldiers divide Jesus’ clothes and cast lots for his tunicJohn 19:24
Psa 22:18
The Messiah must rise from the deadJohn 20:9
Christ’s death took place according to God’s planActs 2:23Here plan may
allude to prophetic fulfillment
Christ’s resurrection was spoken of by DavidActs 2:25–28Ps 16:8–11
The Messiah’s resurrectionActs 2:31; 13:32–33; 26:22–23Pss 2:7; 16:10
God, through the prophets, foretold the suffering of the MessiahActs 3:18
Referring back to the proof-texts in Acts 2:23–31
Gentile authorities stand against the MessiahActs 4:25–26Ps 2:1–2
Philip teaches the Ethiopian eunuch that Isaianic prophecy refers to Jesus
Acts 8:32–35Isa 53:7–8
The prophets testify to Jesus and forgiveness of sins through his nameActs
10:43the prophets
Jesus the savior from the seed of DavidActs 13:22–23
The death of the MessiahActs 13:29; Acts 26:22–23; 1 Pet 1:10–11Isa 53,
the prophets and Moses
The Messiah’s resurrection and protection from corruptionActs 13:34–35Isa
55:3 (LXX); Ps 16:10
The gospel promised beforehand in the scripturesRom 1:2“through his
prophets”
The righteousness of God through faith in Christ is attested by the Law and
the ProphetsRom 3:21–22“the law and the prophets”
The Deliverer from ZionRom 11:26–27Isa 59:20–21
“Christ did not please himself”Rom 15:3Ps 68:10
Christ became a servant of the Jews so that Gentiles would come to glorify
GodRom 15:8–12; Acts 26:22–23Ps 18:49; Deut 32:43 (LXX); Ps 117:1; Isa
11:10 (LXX)
“Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures”1 Cor 15:3–4
Isa 53
Christ became a “life-giving spirit” as a natural development from the fleshly
Adam1 Cor 15:45Gen 2:7
Christ became a curseGal 3:13See Gen 12:3; Deut 27:15–26; 28:15–68
God’s Son was temporarily made “a little lower than the angels”Heb 2:7Ps
8:4–6
The Messiah’s death and resurrection1 Pet 1:10–11Isa 53
  • Jesus’ Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
    • Covenants in the Old Testament
    • Israelite Calendar
    • Israelite Festivals

Lesson media

Graph View

Backlinks